The Most Valuable Thing in Life Is Frienship. Do You...

Is friendship the most valuable thing in life? In this era of globalization, people are busy chasing for material wealth,leaving behind many valuable things. It is undeniable that our society is becoming more materialistic.For most of us,money is the most important thing on earth.However, we have forgotten that there are certain things which money could not buy.To name a few,friendship,family,love and health.But which is the most valuable thing in our life?In my opinion,friendship is what I will cherish the most. Admittedly,depression had become a big menace in our society.People start to concern about this issue and it has surely become a hot topic nowadays.Mass media has been trying hard to give solutions to the public,hoping to†¦show more content†¦One of the qualities to success in this field is having a wide social circle.In short,I believe that friendship is really the most important and valuable thing in life. However,I could not deny the fact that family is also one valuable thing in life.Whenever we met a problem,the first one we ll think of is our family.It is always true that family will never betray us and is able to forgive our every mistakes.We grew up with our family members and therefore,the strong bonding causes them to be the one that understand us the most and will give us suitable advice to make a decision.Many successful figures show that they cherish their family and always try their best to spend some precious time with family.Many good qualities we possess now, too,were inculcated since we re young by our dear parents.The undivided love from our family makes it one valuable thing to cherish in our life. There are also many things to cherish in life.To name a few,knowledge is also valuable because with a wide knowledge,others will not look down upon us.Our own reputation and image can be increased with vast knowledge we gained in our life. Health, too, is what we should cherish in our life.Without a healthy body,we will not

Second Foundation 9. The Conspirators Free Essays

For Dr. Darell and Pelleas Anthor, the evenings passed in friendly intercourse; the days in pleasant unimportance. It might have been an ordinary visit. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 9. The Conspirators or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Darell introduced the young man as a cousin from across space, and interest was dulled by the clich. Somehow, however, among the small talk, a name might be mentioned. There would be an easy thoughtfulness. Dr. Darell might say, â€Å"No,† or he might say, â€Å"Yes.† A call on the open Communi-wave issued a casual invitation, â€Å"Want you to meet my cousin.† And Arcadia’s preparations proceeded in their own manner. In fact, her actions might be considered the least straightforward of all. For instance, she induced Olynthus Dam at school to donate to her a home-built, self-contained sound-receiver by methods which indicated a future for her that promised peril to all males with whom she might come into contact. To avoid details, she merely exhibited such an interest in Olynthus’ self-publicized hobby – he had a home workshop-combined with such a well-modulated transfer of this interest to Olynthus’ own pudgy features, that the unfortunate youth found himself: 1) discoursing at great and animated length upon the principles of the hyperwave motor; 2) becoming dizzyingly aware of the great, absorbed eyes that rested so lightly upon his; and 3) forcing into her willing hands his own greatest creation, the aforesaid sound-receiver. Arcadia cultivated Olynthus in diminishing degree thereafter for just long enough to remove all suspicion that the sound-receiver had been the cause of the friendship. For months afterwards, Olynthus felt the memory of that short period in his life over and over again with the tendrils of his mind, until finally, for lack of further addition, he gave up and let it slip away. When the seventh evening came, and five men sat in the Darell living room with food within and tobacco without, Arcadia’s desk upstairs was occupied by this quite unrecognizable home-product of Olynthus’ ingenuity. Five men then. Dr. Darell, of course, with graying hair and meticulous clothing, looking somewhat older than his forty-two years. Pelleas Author, serious and quick-eyed at the moment looking young and unsure of himself. And the three new men: Jole Turbor, visicastor, bulky and plump-lipped; Dr. Elvett Semic, professor-emeritus of physics at the University, scrawny and wrinkled, his clothes only half-filled; Homir Munn, librarian, lanky and terribly ill-at-ease. Dr. Darell spoke easily, in a normal, matter-of-fact tone: â€Å"This gathering has been arranged, gentlemen, for a trifle more than merely social reasons. You may have guessed this. Since you have been deliberately chosen because of your backgrounds, you may also guess the danger involved. I won’t minimize it, but I will point out that we are all condemned men, in any case. â€Å"You will notice that none of you have been invited with any attempt at secrecy. None of you have been asked to come here unseen. The windows are not adjusted to non-insight. No screen of any sort is about the room. We have only to attract the attention of the enemy to be ruined; and the best way to attract that attention is to assume a false and theatrical secrecy. (Hah, thought Arcadia, bending over the voices coming – a bit screechily – out of the little box.) â€Å"Do you understand that?† Elvett Semic twitched his lower lip and bared his teeth in the screwup, wrinkled gesture that preceded his every sentence. â€Å"Oh, get on with it. Tell us about the youngster.† Dr. Darell said, â€Å"Pelleas Anthor is his name. He was a student of my old colleague, Kleise, who died last year. Kleise sent me his brain-pattern to the fifth sublevel, before he died, which pattern has been now checked against that of the man before you. You know, of course, that a brain-pattern cannot be duplicated that far, even by men of the Science of Psychology. If you don’t know that, you’ll have to take my word for it.† Turbor said, purse-lipped, â€Å"We might as well make a beginning somewheres. We’ll take your word for it, especially since you’re the greatest electroneurologist in the Galaxy now that Kleise is dead. At least, that is the way I’ve described you in my visicast comment, and I even believe it myself. How old are you, Anthor?† â€Å"Twenty-nine, Mr. Turbor.† â€Å"Hm-m-m. And are you an electroneurologist, too? A great one?† â€Å"Just a student of the science. But I work hard, and I’ve had the benefit of Kleise’s training.† Munn broke in. He had a slight stammer at periods of tension. â€Å"I†¦ I wish you’d g†¦ get started. I think everyone’s t†¦ talking too much.† Dr. Darell lifted an eyebrow in Munn’s direction. you’re right, Homir. Take over, Pelleas.† â€Å"Not for a while,† said Pelleas Anthor, slowly, â€Å"because before we can get started – although I appreciate Mr. Munn’s sentiment – I must request brain-wave data.† Darell frowned. â€Å"What is this, Anthor? What brain-wave data do you refer to?† â€Å"The patterns of all of you. You have taken mine, Dr. Darell. I must take yours and those of the rest of you. And I must take the measurements myself.† Turbor said, â€Å"There’s no reason for him to trust us, Darell. The young man is within his rights.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Anthor. â€Å"If you’ll lead the way to your laboratory then, Dr. Darell, well proceed. I took the liberty this morning of checking your apparatus.† The science of electroencephalography was at once new and old. It was old in the sense that the knowledge of the microcurrents generated by nerve cells of living beings belonged to that immense category of human knowledge whose origin was completely lost. It was knowledge that stretched back as far as the earliest remnants of human history- And yet it was new, too. The fact of the existence of microcurrents slumbered through the tens of thousands of years of Galactic Empire as one of those vivid and whimsical, but quite useless, items of human knowledge. Some had attempted to form classifications of waves into waking and sleeping, calm and excited, well and ill – but even the broadest conceptions had had their hordes of vitiating exceptions. Others had tried to show the existence of brain-wave groups, analogous to the well-known blood groups, and to show that external environment was the defining factor. These were the race-minded people who claimed that Man could be divided into subspecies. But such a philosophy could make no headway against the overwhelming ecumenical drive involved in the fact of Galactic Empire – one political unit covering twenty million stellar systems, involving all of Man from the central world of Trantor – now a gorgeous and impossible memory of the great past – to the loneliest asteroid on the periphery. And then again, in a society given over, as that of the First Empire was, to the physical sciences and inanimate technology, there was a vague but mighty sociological push away from the study of the mind. It was less respectable because less immediately useful; and it was poorly financed since it was less profitable. After the disintegration of the First Empire, there came the fragmentation of organized science, back, back – past even the fundamentals of atomic power into the chemical power of coal and oil. The one exception to this, of course, was the First Foundation where the spark of science, revitalized and grown more intense was maintained and fed to flame. Yet there, too, it was the physical that ruled, and the brain, except for surgery, was neglected ground. Hari Seldon was the first to express what afterwards came to be accepted as truth. â€Å"Neural microcurrents,† he once said, â€Å"carry within them the spark of every varying impulse and response, conscious and unconscious. The brain-waves recorded on neatly squared paper in trembling peaks and troughs are the mirrors of the combined thought-pulses of billions of cells. Theoretically, analysis should reveal the thoughts and emotions of the subject, to the last and least. Differences should be detected that are due not only to gross physical defects, inherited or acquired, but also to shifting states of emotion, to advancing education and experience, even to something as subtle as a change in the subject’s philosophy of life.† But even Seldon could approach no further than speculation. And now for fifty years, the men of the First Foundation had been tearing at that incredibly vast and complicated storehouse of new knowledge. The approach, naturally, was made through new techniques – as, for example, the use of electrodes at skull sutures by a newly-developed means which enabled contact to be made directly with the gray cells, without even the necessity of shaving a patch of skull. And then there was a recording device which automatically recorded the brain-wave data as an overall total, and as separate functions of six independent variables. What was most significant, perhaps, was the growing respect in which encephalography and the encephalographer was held. Kleise, the greatest of them, sat at scientific conventions on an equal basis with the physicist. Dr. Darell, though no longer active in the science, was known for his brilliant advances in encephalographic analysis almost as much as for the fact that he was the son of Bayta Darell, the great heroine of the past generation. And so now, Dr. Darell sat in his own chair, with the delicate touch of the feathery electrodes scarcely hinting at pressure upon his skull, while the vacuum-incased needles wavered to and fro. His back was to the recorder – otherwise, as was well known, the sight of the moving curves induced an unconscious effort to control them, with noticeable results – but he knew that the central dial was expressing the strongly rhythmic and little-varying Sigma curve, which was to be expected of his own powerful and disciplined mind. It would be strengthened and purified in the subsidiary dial dealing with the Cerebellar wave. There would be the sharp, near-discontinuous leaps from the frontal lobe, and the subdued shakiness from the subsurface regions with its narrow range of frequencies- He knew his own brain-wave pattern much as an artist might be perfectly aware of the color of his eyes. Pelleas Anthor made no comment when Darell rose from the reclining chair. The young man abstracted the seven recordings, glanced at them with the quick, all-embracing eyes of one who knows exactly what tiny facet of near-nothingness is being looked for. â€Å"If you don’t mind, Dr. Semic.† Semic’s age-yellowed face was serious. Electroencephalography was a science of his old age of which he knew little; an upstart that he faintly resented. He knew that he was old and that his wave-pattern would show it. The wrinkles on his face showed it, the stoop in his walk, the shaking of his hand – but they spoke only of his body. The brain-wave patterns might show that his mind was old, too. An embarrassing and unwarranted invasion of a man’s last protecting stronghold, his own mind. The electrodes were adjusted. The process did not hurt, of course, from beginning to end. There was just that tiny tingle, far below the threshold of sensation. And then came Turbor, who sat quietly and unemotionally through the fifteen minute process, and Munn, who jerked at the first touch of the electrodes and then spent the session rolling his eyes as though he wished he could turn them backwards and watch through a hole in his occiput. â€Å"And now-† said Darell, when all was done. â€Å"And now,† said Anthor, apologetically, â€Å"there is one more person in the house.† Darell, frowning, said: â€Å"My daughter?† ‘Yes. I suggested that she stay home tonight, if you’ll remember.† â€Å"For encephalographical analysis? What in the Galaxy for?† â€Å"I cannot proceed without it.† Darell shrugged and climbed the stairs. Arcadia, amply warned, had the sound-receiver off when he entered; then followed him down with mild obedience. It was the first time in her life – except for the taking of her basic mind pattern as an infant, for identification and registration purposes – that she found herself under the electrodes. â€Å"May I see,† she asked, when it was over, holding out her hand. Dr. Darell said, â€Å"You would not understand, Arcadia. Isn’t it time for you to go to bed?† â€Å"Yes, father,† she said, demurely. â€Å"Good night, all.† She ran up the stairs and plumped into bed with a minimum of basic preparation. With Olynthus’ sound-receiver propped beside her pillow, she felt like a character out of a book-film, and hugged every moment of it close to her chest in an ecstasy of â€Å"Spy-stuff.† The first words she heard were Anthor’s and they were: â€Å"The analyses, gentlemen, are all satisfactory. The child’s as well.† Child, she thought disgustedly, and bristled at Anthor in the darkness. Anthor had opened his briefcase now, and out of it, he took several dozen brain-wave records. They were not originals. Nor had the briefcase been fitted with an ordinary lock. Had the key been held in any hand other than his own, the contents thereof would have silently and instantly oxidized to an indecipherable ash. Once removed from the briefcase, the records did so anyway after half an hour. But during their short lifetime, Anthor spoke quickly. â€Å"I have the records here of several minor government officials at Anacreon. This is a psychologist at Locris University; this an industrialist at Siwenna. The rest are as you see.† They crowded closely. To all but Darell, they were so many quivers on parchment. To Darell, they shouted with a million tongues. Anthor pointed lightly, â€Å"I call your attention, Dr. Darell, to the plateau region among the secondary Tauian waves in the frontal lobe, which is what all these records have in common. Would you use my Analytical Rule, sir, to check my statement?† The Analytical Rule might be considered a distant relation – as a skyscraper is to a shack – of that kindergarten toy, the logarithmic Slide Rule. Darell used it with the wristflip of long practice. He made freehand drawings of the result and, as Anthor stated, there were featureless plateaus in frontal lobe regions where strong swings should have been expected. â€Å"How would you interpret that, Dr. Darell?† asked Anthor. â€Å"I’m not sure. Offhand, I don’t see how it’s possible. Even in cases of amnesia, there is suppression, but not removal. Drastic brain surgery, perhaps?† â€Å"Oh, something’s been cut out,† cried Anthor, impatiently, â€Å"yes! Not in the physical sense, however. You know, the Mule could have done just that. He could have suppressed completely all capacity for a certain emotion or attitude of mind, and leave nothing but just such a flatness. Or else-â€Å" â€Å"Or else the Second Foundation could have done it. Is that it?† asked Turbor, with a slow smile. There was no real need to answer that thoroughly rhetorical question. â€Å"What made you suspicious, Mr. Anthor?† asked Munn. â€Å"It wasn’t I. It was Dr. Kleise. He collected brain-wave patterns much as the Planetary Police do, but along different lines. He specialized in intellectuals, government officials and business leaders. You see, it’s quite obvious that if the Second Foundation is directing the historical course of the Galaxy – of us – that they must do it subtly and in as minimal a fashion as possible. If they work through minds, as they must, it is the minds of people with influence; culturally, industrially, or politically. And with those he concerned himself.† â€Å"Yes,† objected Munn, â€Å"but is there corroboration? How do these people act – I mean the ones with the plateau. Maybe it’s all a perfectly normal phenomenon.† He looked hopelessly at the others out of his, somehow, childlike blue eyes, but met no encouraging return. â€Å"I leave that to Dr. Darell,† said Anthor. â€Å"Ask him how many times he’s seen this phenomenon in his general studies, or in reported cases in the literature over the past generation. Then ask him the chances of it being discovered in almost one out of every thousand cases among the categories Dr. Kleise studied.† â€Å"I suppose that there is no doubt,† said Darell, thoughtfully, â€Å"that these are artificial mentalities. They have been tampered with. In a way, I have suspected this-â€Å" â€Å"I know that, Dr. Darell,† said Author. â€Å"I also know you once worked with Dr. Kleise. I would like to know why you stopped.† There wasn’t actually hostility in his question. Perhaps nothing more than caution; but, at any rate, it resulted in a long pause. Darell looked from one to another of his guests, then said brusquely, â€Å"Because there was no point to Kleise’s battle. He was competing with an adversary too strong for him. He was detecting what we – he and I – knew he would detect – that we were not our own masters. And I didn’t want to know! I had my self-respect. I liked to think that our Foundation was captain of its collective soul; that our forefathers had not quite fought and died for nothing. I thought it would be most simple to turn my face away as long as I was not quite sure. I didn’t need my position since the Government pension awarded to my mother’s family in perpetuity would take care of my uncomplicated needs. My home laboratory would suffice to keep boredom away, and life would some day end – Then Kleise died-â€Å" Semic showed his teeth and said: â€Å"This fellow Kleise; I don’t know him. How did he die?† Anthor cut in: â€Å"He died. He thought he would. He told me half a year before that he was getting too close-â€Å" â€Å"Now we’re too c†¦ close, too, aren’t we?† suggested Munn, dry-mouthed, as his Adam’s apple jiggled. â€Å"Yes,† said Anthor, flatly, â€Å"but we were, anyway – all of us. It’s why you’ve all been chosen. I’m Kleise’s student. Dr. Darell was his colleague. Jole Turbor has been denouncing our blind faith in the saving hand of the Second Foundation on the air, until the government shut him off – through the agency, I might mention, of a powerful financier whose brain shows what Kleise used to call the Tamper Plateau. Homir Munn has the largest home collection of Muliana – if I may use the phrase to signify collected data concerning the Mule – in existence, and has published some papers containing speculation on the nature and function of the Second Foundation. Dr. Semic has contributed as much as anyone to the mathematics of encephalographic analysis, though I don’t believe he realized that his mathematics could be so applied.† Semic opened his eyes wide and chuckled gaspingly, â€Å"No, young fellow. I was analyzing intranuclear motions – the n-body problem, you know. I’m lost in encephalography.† â€Å"Then we know where we stand. The government can, of course, do nothing about the matter. Whether the mayor or anyone in his administration is aware of the seriousness of the situation, I don’t know. But this I do know – we five have nothing to lose and stand to gain much. With every increase in our knowledge, we can widen ourselves in safe directions. We are but a beginning, you understand.† â€Å"How widespread,† put in Turbor, â€Å"is this Second Foundation infiltration?† â€Å"I don’t know. There’s a flat answer. All the infiltrations we have discovered were on the outer fringes of the nation. The capital world may yet be clean, though even that is not certain – else I would not have tested you. You were particularly suspicious, Dr. Darell, since you abandoned research with Kleise. Kleise never forgave you, you know. I thought that perhaps the Second Foundation had corrupted you, but Kleise always insisted that you were a coward. You’ll forgive me, Dr. Darell, if I explain this to make my own position clear. I, personally, think I understand your attitude, and, if it was cowardice, I consider it venial.† Darell drew a breath before replying. â€Å"I ran away! Call it what you wish. I tried to maintain our friendship, however, yet he never wrote nor called me until the day he sent me your brainwave data, and that was scarcely a week before he died-â€Å" â€Å"If you don’t mind,† interrupted Homir Munn, with a flash of nervous eloquence, â€Å"I d†¦ don’t see what you think you’re doing. We’re a p†¦ poor bunch of conspirators, if we’re just going to talk and talk and t†¦ talk. And I don’t see what else we can do, anyway. This is v†¦ very childish. B†¦ brain-waves and mumbo jumbo and all that. Is there just one thing you intend to do?† Pelleas Author’s eyes were bright, â€Å"Yes, there is. We need more information on the Second Foundation. It’s the prime necessity. The Mule spent the first five years of his rule in just that quest for information and failed – or so we have all been led to believe. But then he stopped looking. Why? Because he failed? Or because he succeeded?† â€Å"M†¦ more talk,† said Munn, bitterly. â€Å"How are we ever to know?† â€Å"If you’ll listen to me – The Mule’s capital was on Kalgan. Kalgan was not part of the Foundation’s commercial sphere of influence before the Mule and it is not part of it now. Kalgan is ruled, at the moment, by the man, Stettin, unless there’s another palace revolution by tomorrow. Stettin calls himself First Citizen and considers himself the successor of the Mule. If there is any tradition in that world, it rests with the super-humanity and greatness of the Mule – a tradition almost superstitious in intensity. As a result, the Mule’s old palace is maintained as a shrine. No unauthorized person may enter; nothing within has ever been touched.† â€Å"Well?† â€Å"Well, why is that so? At times like these, nothing happens without a reason. What if it is not superstition only that makes the Mule’s palace inviolate? What if the Second Foundation has so arranged matters? In short what if the results of the Mule’s five-year search are within-â€Å" â€Å"Oh, p†¦ poppycock.† â€Å"Why not?† demanded Anthor. â€Å"Throughout its history the Second Foundation has hidden itself and interfered in Galactic affairs in minimal fashion only. I know that to us it would seem more logical to destroy the Palace or, at the least, to remove the data. But you must consider the psychology of these master psychologists. They are Seldons; they are Mules and they work by indirection, through the mind. They would never destroy or remove when they could achieve their ends by creating a state of mind. Eh?† No immediate answer, and Anthor continued, â€Å"And you, Munn, are just the one to get the information we need.† â€Å"I?†*** It was an astounded yell. Munn looked from one to the other rapidly, â€Å"I can’t do such a thing. I’m no man of action; no hero of any teleview. I’m a librarian. If I can help you that way, all right, and I’ll risk the Second Foundation, but I’m not going out into space on any qu†¦ quixotic thing like that.† â€Å"Now, look,† said Anthor, patiently, â€Å"Dr. Darell and I have both agreed that you’re the man. It’s the only way to do it naturally. You say you’re a librarian. Fine! What is your main field of interest? Muliana! You already have the greatest collection of material on the Mule in the Galaxy. It is natural for you to want more; more natural for you than for anyone else. You could request entrance to the Kalgan Palace without arousing suspicion of ulterior motives. You might be refused but you would not be suspected. What’s more, you have a one-man cruiser. You’re known to have visited foreign planets during your annual vacation. You’ve even been on Kalgan before. Don’t you understand that you need only act as you always have?† â€Å"But I can’t just say, ‘W†¦ won’t you kindly let me in to your most sacred shrine, M†¦ Mr. First Citizen?’ â€Å" â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Because, by the Galaxy, he won’t let me!† â€Å"All right, then. So he won’t Then you’ll come home and we’ll think of something else.† Munn looked about in helpless rebellion. He felt himself being talked into something he hated. No one offered to help him extricate himself. So in the end two decisions were made in Dr. Darell’s house. The first was a reluctant one of agreement on the part of Munn to take off into space as soon as his summer vacation began. The other was a highly unauthorized decision on the part of a thoroughly unofficial member of the gathering, made as she clicked off a sound-receiver and composed herself for a belated sleep. This second decision does not concern us just yet. How to cite Second Foundation 9. The Conspirators, Essay examples

Events About the Bullying Research Proposal

Question: In this assignment you will finalize your research proposal through including sections on possible data sources and limitations. 1. Introduction2. Research Questions3. Literature Review4. Research Methodology and Data Collection5. Limitations Answer: 1.0 Introduction It has been observed that the bullying majorly happens in the schools, communities and homes. However, these types of events sometimes describes as rite of passage. However, through some of the studies it has been observed that bullying is not a sudden rising issue rather it is a socially learned activity. Through, this kind of social learning does not comes from the conventional society it comes from the arrogance developed through some of the unfavourable incidents within the school boundaries. However, through the study by Kokkinos et al. (2014) it has been observed that bullying is not only the problem of youth but also a problem of every age group. Some of the initiatives through programs like anti-bullying have been initiated to reduce the bullying events but it requires more of a social initiative to encounter this problem. Currently most of the advanced schools have implemented monitoring mechanism with the help of technology and this monitoring to some extent helped to reduc e the bullying events. The method of bullying activity differs according to the situations and according to the mentality of the students. However, most commonly found bullying activities are threatening, cyber-bullying. In some of the events, it has been observed that the bullying happened due to the religion and race. 2.0 Research Questions What kind of bullying majorly happens in schools? How does it is hampering the image of the schools? How it is affecting the students mental health? What action they took to minimize the bullying within the schools premises? What kind of awareness does the school develops and through what kind of events about the bullying? How the school helped the parents to deal with the bullying issues? 3.0 Literature Review Most of the researchers who majorly worked on bullying described their responsiveness to the relationship between the level of bullying and the internal operating environment of the schools. ). In most of the cases, it has been identified that those students who got bulled inside the schools went into a mental trauma. This happened majorly in the cases of kids and young youths. The bullying took them into a depressed state where they starts found themselves alone. This gradually affects their daily lifestyle and due to that the academic and the social performances of those students starts decreasing (Kousholt Fisker, 2014). Through the different studies, it has been identified that the bullying inside the school premise has a very long-term effect on the students. Bullying majorly affects the mental health of the students especially the young students. The study by Kousholt Fisker (2014) has seen that the mental illness like chronic anxiety, depression and suicidal tendency develops very silently within the minds of the victims. According to the report provided by Embury Saklofske (2014) has very critically shown that in current times the bullying in schools is quite unavoidable. However, current most of the schools are trying to increase a co-ordination between parents and teachers to identify the sign of distress attitude within the students that can help them to identify the bullying activities. One of the most shocking data was provided by the George Washington University (2004), which reflects that most of teachers do not have the adequate training to handle the bullying issues. The same study had shown a very different thing on bullying. It shows that 70% of the students have carried the bullying attitude from their seniors. However, according to some of the teachers, the bullying is nothing but a common incident of life and it should be taken sportingly rather than seriously (The George Washington University, 2004). However, according to Arcus (2002) to battle bullying behaviors all school should adjust a zero patience policy towards any forms of bullying. Therefore, the observation on the bullying activities from the students could help to identify the intrinsic or extrinsic source of bullying. The identification of the bullying motivation will also provide a snapshot about from which circumstances and from which social aspects the growth of bullying is actually happening. If the source of bullying can be identified it will be very much easy to handle this phenomenon. Through some of the other studies, it has been observed that the response from the teachers differs in several ways in accordance with the situation and events (Olweus, 1993). According to the study by Marshall et al. (2009) it has been observed that the teachers tried to manage the bullying events through their earlier experiences. However, the degree of management majorly differs due to the intent and the involvement issue from the teachers end. Sometimes it has been observed that some of the teachers are very much proactive to handle the issue on the other hand in some cases it has been observed that some of the teachers were not so much active to minimize the consequences of bullying. Through some other studies, it has been observed that some of the teachers tried to encounter the issue with constructive approach. However, both these approaches are very much evident. The most important point was pointed out by the study of Rodkin Gest (2011) through stating that the development of the classrooms internal cultural will help to handle the issue more effectively than others. According to the research by Craig (1998) and Arcus (2002) it has been observed that the consequences of bullying sometimes gone to the extreme. It has been observed that sometimes the consequences lead to the chronic depression and suicidal attempts from the students. The suicidal trend is very much higher in the cases of young students because they consider it as a social humiliation (Rodkin Gest, 2011). According to the study by Embury Saklofske (2014), it has been observed that most of the bullying cases hampered the psychological health of the students. It most of the time reduces the academic and the social participation interest from the bulled students. The National Education Association produced the most shocking evidence. It showed that students who became a repeated victim of bullying inside the school premises it develop the learning disability within themselves. However, through some of the reports it has been observed that schools are claiming that they are taking car e of the bullying incidents through doing activities like counseling and increasing the events like group participative sports (Rodkin Gest, 2011). However, it has been observed that the incidents on bullying are not decreasing significantly. Two separate research conducted by Craig (1998) it has been observed that mental disorders like the suicidal tendencies, anxiety and social identity crisis starts developing due to the bullying activities. Some of the other studies very specifically pointed out that the kids are more affected by the psychological disorders like depression and anxiety. However, the suicidal tendency is majorly appears within the young kids and the most influential reason behind this is that the young kids considers bullying is a social humiliation for them. According to Helpin and Crofts (1963) the internal climate of a school influences the behavioral nature of a school. This study also states that the internal culture majorly helps in the development of the friendly climate and the proper personality of the students. This development majorly helped the students to grow a positive attitude within them. This personality and the attitude development influence the minimization of the bullying activities within the school premises. 4.0 Research Methodology and Data Collection 4.0.1 Orientation of the Sample population The sample population will consists of students from 8th to 12th standard. However, other than the students the parents of the students and the teachers will also be considered as the member of the sample population for the continuation of this research. Therefore, the orientation of the sample population will be : Population Groups Number of participants 1 Students (Grade 8 to 12) 30 students 2 Teachers 30 teachers (including supervisors) 3 Parents 30 Parents Table 1: Sample population Orientation (Source: Created by Author) However, to select this sample random sampling will be considered. The main reason for the selection of the random selection is that the random sample selection will reduce the chances of any kind of sample biasness. Therefore, the transparency of the sample selection will be intact. 4.0.2 Research Design To conduct this research a cross-sectional study will be done. The cross-sectional study helps to analyze the psychological development of the phenomenon. The main reason for the selection of the cross-sectional study is that it will provide a scope to analyze an event not through cause-effect relationships but through observation of a population. The cross-sectional study will help to gather the supportive primary data that will support the analyzed data during the data analysis. On the other hand, the research will be done through the descriptive study through keeping a focus on the structured development of the questionnaires. The entire study will be conducted through the proposed sample orientation. The students will be questioned through a one to one interview in the presence of their parents. Thorough this interview the main motto will be to collect data about their bullying incidents. The sub-lining motto will be to identify how that event affected their mental health. On the other hand, through interviewing the parents the researcher will try to understand how the bullying affected their childs behavior and how the schools responded to it. This interview will be conducted in a neutral venue and nature will be one to one. However, teachers will be questioned through creating a focus group. The main motto of this focus group interview will be to analyze and identify the pulses of the teaches on the bullying issue. Therefore, the open-ended questions wil l provided a detailed view about the issue whereas the close-ended questions will provide a snapshot of the issue. 4.0.3 Instruments of the Research To conduct this research both the open-ended and the close-ended questions will be developed. Keeping the sensitivity on the mind the quantitative questions will be designed for the students and the parents. The design of the questions will be such a kind that it will help to focus on a particular point rather than focusing on a broader points. However, the questions for the teachers will be designed with the open-ended questions. The main reason for designing the open-ended questions is that it will help to bring more insight view of the issue. This insight view will help the researcher to extract more detailed information about the form and the motive of bullying that happens inside the school premises. This form and motive helps in the identification of the source of the bullying attitude. 4.0.4 Research Time Table Table 2: Research Timetable (Source: Created by Author) 5.0 Limitations The major limitation of this research work is as it is an academic research, most of the schools and the teachers may not show much interest to participate in the interview. On the other hand, the parents may not allow their kids to participate in the interview. The main reason behind this is that they may think that the questioning on the sensitive issues may degrade the mental stability of their kids. Other than these, time will be a major limitation for this research project because more periods could provide more data on the phenomenon. Reference List A. Halpin, Croft, D. (1963). The Organizational Climate of Schools. Chicago: University of Chicago.Arcus, D. (2002). School shooting fatalities and school corporal punishment: A look at the states. Aggressive Behavior, 28(3), 173-183. doi:10.1002/ab.90020Brinson, Sabrina A. (2005). Boys dont tell on sugar-and-spice-but-not-so-nice girl bullies. Reclaiming Children and Youth: The Journal of Strength-based Interventions, 14, 169-174.Craig, W. M. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children.Personality and Individual Differences, 24(1).Kokkinos, C., Antoniadou, N., Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal Of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 204-214. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.001Kousholt, K., Fisker, T. (2014). Approaches to Reduce Bullying in Schools - A Critical Analysis from the Viewpoint of First- and Second-Ord er Perspectives on Bullying. Child Soc, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/chso.12094M. L. Marshall, Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Graybill, E. C., Skoczylas, R. B. (2009). Teacherresponses to bullying: self-reports from the front line. Journal of School Violence, 8(2),136-158. doi: 10.1080/15388220802074124Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school - What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell PublishersP. C. Rodkin, Gest, S. D. (2011). Teaching practices, classroom peer ecologies, and bullyingbehaviors among schoolchildren. In D. L. Espelage S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in North American Schools (2nd ed., pp. 75-90). New York: Routledge.Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. (2014). Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations. Dordrecht: Springer.The George Washington University. (2004, December 15). Bullying - Is it part of growing up, or part of school violence. Retrieved from The Center for Health and Health Care in Schools: https://www.healthinschools.org/News-Room/InFocus/2004/Is sue-2.aspx

The Process Review Essay Example

The Process Review Paper Essay on The Process Life is the night carried out in a deep sleep, often turning into a nightmare (c) Schopenhauer For a long time did not dare to read Kafka, for some reason thought it would be difficult. No, you do not think there is to feel. And do not feel you can not book up. Kafka from the first page skillfully immerses us in an atmosphere of wacky, absurd dream, hold and does not let go until the end of the novel. The absurdity is the only reality that has become commonplace. And if other writers managed to convey this feeling in some episodes, are they permeated the entire novel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the very first pages of the uncertainty of events is worrying, and even irritation. Josef K wakes up in his bed on my birthday, and is taken into custody and arrested. Those who came after him people did not explain further conversation with the inspector also clarifies nothing. Neither Joseph nor we did not know, what is the charge. However, the case against him is. At first Joseph refers to it quite lightly, but soon takes everything seriously, hires a lawyer, trying to make some exculpatory letters, not knowing, in fact, what it should be justified. The process tightens its stronger and stronger, and eventually absorbs completely. All the people he met vague hint at the circumstances of the process, even though no one really knows anything nor about the court procedure, nor the judges themselves. But it is known that the only way is to get the sentence reprieve, tighten the case, and this justification can not be So Joseph becomes involved in a huge, soulless and mindless mechanism that in the end it grinds.. at first glance it looks like a protest against the mechanical state of the system, against the bureaucrats and red tape. And it is this interpretation of the process sought translators in the Soviet Union, adjusting text to the existing in the country and the system of peoples minds. But its just different. The process of Kafka it is life itself, with heightened to the limit of existential anxiety, everyday its absurdity, lack of meaning, which is unconditionally accept everything and eventually forced to accept and you Its a vague anxiety due to the lack of reasons. and the wine, which is already a consequence of the verdict inevitable. the process that suppresses captures surprise, lulls, and constantly distracted by something more. Rate skill of the author, show us this sleep yes And here, perhaps, the identity of the writer, dreamer. His life, moods and views are no less interesting than the work itself To love such dreams -. No . The Process Review Essay Example The Process Review Paper Essay on The Process You had a dream to see people, and awake, not even remember what they looked like? And, you know that these people are in a dream you liked, they were certainly beautiful, but the facial features somehow blurred in the minds of You know the feeling, when you dream you are doing something that in reality would have been considered nonsense or absurdity ? Well, for example, goes supposedly the war in the hands of the machine, and on the body of a nightgown or worse one smelting Or you dream you are late for an exam or a party, but can not find a thing and get out of the house, though basically, we could easily do without it. Familiar? The novel The Trial will be one of the most bizarre and absurd dreams that you have ever seen. I was reading at the time of a strong feeling that it is Kafka dreamed of. Josef K., a senior clerk of the bank, in one morning, falls under arrest by some strange process, which from the beginning does not apply. Everything in the novel takes place in terms of apparently. Apparently, someone has slandered Mr. K., apparently, people came to arrest him, apparently, these people are the guards, apparently, a serious process, apparently, is to pay him a lot of attention The images of people, in one way or another connected with the process, but according to simple logic, it is associated with him, constantly slipping out of memory, as well as the face of the hero, who in the novel generally not indicated. Actors frivolous and unreal, and the details of the process do not see. It is not clear what the accused K. and what the circumstances of his case. Investigators look not as investigators, the case does not move a single step, the lawyer does not work, the investigation department is on the dirty attic apartment house with sooty walls and a low ceiling. We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And everything that happens in the book is so funny that a time to weep. mans struggle with the authorities, who seem to exist only in his mind. The fight for anything and nothing. As in a fairy tale, Go there, do not know where . Whichever door or knocked, in the hope of a speedy resolution of the process, for it always turn out another five thousand doors. Infinite climbing the narrow, dusty staircases Offices exhausting soul, stale, stuffy and hot air causes their heart to jump out of his chest and throat hurt shrink. And no time to stop and sort things out for real. And yet something run, fuss, you lose precious time of their lives. And yet it seems that any fool knows more were close to your process than yourself. Cook whispering his advice, the artist boasting friendship with the judge, even the little girl on the stairs scoff at all your efforts The picture on the cover of Going up and down arms of Maurits Cornelis Escher graphic illustration of the idea of ​​process for process but not for the result. The reality of the absurd, which I would call the absurdity of reality. And everyone decides for himself what this novel. About that there is a man knocks out of the rut intervention in his life authorities. And he involuntarily transforms the quiet and measured life in a single large red tape. About that there is carefully courts do business, and how they will lead them and many more years to come. And this imaginary meticulousness and sensitivity poisons the mans life. Perhaps the novel that between law and fulfillment of the law is a huge gap A procurator for Joseph becomes procurator profession in its own case. Funny ceremony this small flies, of which people are capable of doing elephants .

Battle of Wauhatchie in the Civil War

Battle of Wauhatchie in the Civil War fBattle of Wauhatchie - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Wauhatchie was fought October 28-29, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865).   Armies Commanders: Union Major General Joseph HookerBrigadier General John W. Geary3 divisions Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet1 division Battle of Wauhatchie - Background: Following the defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga, the Army of the Cumberland retreated north to Chattanooga.  There Major General William S. Rosecrans and his command were besieged by General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee.  With the situation deteriorating, the Union XI and XII Corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and sent west under the leadership of Major General Joseph Hooker.  In addition, Major General Ulysses S. Grant received orders to come east from Vicksburg with part of his army and assume command over all Union troops around Chattanooga.  Overseeing the newly-created Military Division of the Mississippi, Grant relieved Rosecrans and replaced him with Major General George H. Thomas.   Battle of Wauhatchie - Cracker Line: Assessing the situation, Grant implemented a plan devised by Brigadier General William F. Baldy Smith for reopening a supply line to Chattanooga.  Dubbed the Cracker Line, this called for Union supply boats to land cargo at Kelleys Ferry on the Tennessee River.  It would then move east to Wauhatchie Station and up Lookout Valley to Browns Ferry.  From there goods would re-cross the river and move over Moccasin Point to Chattanooga.  To secure this route, Smith would establish a bridgehead at Browns Ferry while Hooker moved overland from Bridgeport to the west (Map).   Though Bragg was unaware of the Union plan, he directed Lieutenant General James Longstreet, whose men held the Confederate left, to occupy Lookout Valley.  This directive was ignored by Longstreet whose men remained on Lookout Mountain to the east.  Before dawn on October 27, Smith successfully secured Browns Ferry with two brigades led by Brigadier Generals William B. Hazen and John B. Turchin.  Alerted to their arrival, Colonel William B. Oates of the 15th Alabama attempted a counterattack but was unable to dislodge the Union troops.  Advancing with three divisions from his command, Hooker reached Lookout Valley on October 28.  Their arrival surprised Bragg and Longstreet who were having a conference on Lookout Mountain.  Ã‚   Battle of Wauhatchie - The Confederate Plan: Reaching Wauhatchie Station on the Nashville Chattanooga Railroad, Hooker detached Brigadier General John W. Gearys division and proceeded north to encamp at Browns Ferry.  Due to a shortage of rolling stock, Gearys division had been reduced by a brigade and was only supported by the four guns of Knaps Battery (Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery).  Recognizing the threat posed by Union forces in the valley, Bragg directed Longstreet to attack.  After assessing the Hookers deployments, Longstreet determined to move against Gearys isolated force at Wauhatchie.  To accomplish this, he ordered Brigadier General Micah Jenkins division to strike after dark.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moving out, Jenkins sent the brigades of Brigadier Generals Evander Law and Jerome Robertson to occupy high ground south of Browns Ferry.  This force was tasked with preventing Hooker from marching south to aid Geary.  To the south, Brigadier General Henry Bennings brigade of Georgians was directed to hold a bridge over Lookout Creek and act as a reserve force.  For the assault against the Union position at Wauhatchie, Jenkins assigned Colonel John Brattons brigade of South Carolinians.  At Wauhatchie, Geary, concerned about being isolated, posted Knaps Battery on a small knoll and ordered his men to sleep with their weapons at hand.  The 29th Pennsylvania from Colonel George Cobhams brigade provided pickets for the entire division. Battle of Wauhatchie - First Contact: Around 10:30 PM, the lead elements of Brattons brigade engaged the Union pickets.  Approaching Wauhatchie, Bratton ordered the Palmetto Sharpshooters to move east of the railroad embankment in an attempt to flank Gearys line.  The 2nd, 1st, and 5th South Carolinas extended the Confederate line west of the tracks.  These movements took time in the darkness and it was not until 12:30 AM that Bratton commenced his assault.  Slowing the enemy, the pickets from the 29th Pennsylvania bought Geary time to form his lines.  While the 149th and 78th New Yorks from Brigadier General George S. Greenes brigade took a position along the railroad embankment facing east, Cobhams remaining two regiments, the 111th and 109th Pennsylvanias, extended the line west from the tracks (Map).  Ã‚   Battle of Wauhatchie - Fighting in the Dark: Attacking, the 2nd South Carolina quickly sustained heavy losses from both the Union infantry and Knaps Battery.  Hampered by the darkness, both sides were often reduced firing at the muzzle flashes of the enemy.  Finding some success on the right, Bratton attempted to slip the 5th South Carolina around Gearys flank.  This movement was blocked by the arrival of Colonel David Irelands 137th New York.  While pushing this regiment forward, Greene fell wounded when a bullet shattered his jaw.  As a result, Ireland assumed command of the brigade.  Seeking to press his attack against the Union center, Bratton slid the battered 2nd South Carolina to the left and threw forward the 6th South Carolina.   In addition, Colonel Martin Garys Hampton Legion was ordered to the far Confederate right.  This caused the 137th New York to refuse its left to prevent being flanked.  Support for the New Yorkers soon arrived as the 29th Pennsylvania, having re-formed from picket duty, took a position on their left.  As the infantry adjusted to each Confederate thrust, Knaps Battery took heavy casualties.  As the battle progressed both battery commander Captain Charles Atwell and Lieutenant Edward Geary, the generals eldest son, fell dead.  Hearing the fighting to the south, Hooker mobilized the XI Corps divisions of Brigadier Generals Adolph von Steinwehr and Carl Schurz.  Moving out, Colonel Orland Smiths brigade from von Steinwehrs division soon came under fire from Law.   Veering east, Smith began a series of assaults on Law and Robertson.  Drawing in Union troops, this engagement saw the Confederates hold their position on the heights.  Having repulsed Smith several times, Law received erroneous intelligence and ordered both brigades to withdraw.  As they departed, Smiths men attacked again and overran their position.  At Wauhatchie, Gearys men were running low on ammunition as Bratton prepared another assault.  Before this moved forward, Bratton received word that Law had withdrawn and that Union reinforcements were approaching.  Unable to maintain his position in these circumstances, he repositioned the 6th South Carolina and Palmetto Sharpshooters to cover his withdraw and began retreating from the field. Battle of Wauhatchie - Aftermath:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the fighting at the Battle of Wauhatchie, Union forces sustained 78 killed, 327 wounded, and 15 missing while Confederate losses numbered 34 killed, 305 wounded, and 69 missing.  One of the few Civil War battles fought entirely at night, the engagement saw the Confederates fail to close the Cracker Line to Chattanooga.  Over the coming days, supplies began to flow to the Army of the Cumberland.  Following the battle, a rumor circulated that Union mules had been stampeded during the battle leading the enemy to believe that they were being attacked by cavalry and ultimately their causing their retreat.  Though a stampede may have occurred, it was not the cause of the Confederate withdrawal.  Over the next month, Union strength grew and in late November Grant commenced the Battle of Chattanooga which drove Bragg from the area. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of WauhatchieCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle WauhatchieHistory of War: Battle of Wauhatchie

Reading Comprehension and Making Predictions

Reading Comprehension and Making Predictions One of the signs a child is having problems with reading comprehension is trouble making predictions. This, according to Dr. Sally Shaywitz in her book, Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Overcoming Reading Problems at Any Level. When a student makes a prediction he or she is making a guess about what is going to happen next in a story or what a character is going to do or think, An effective reader will base their prediction on clues from the story and his or her own experiences. Most typical students naturally make predictions as they read. Students with dyslexia may have trouble with this important skill. Why Students with Dyslexia Have Difficulty Making Predictions We make predictions every day. We watch our family members and based on their actions we can often guess what they are going to do or say next. Even young children make predictions about the world around them. Imagine a young child walking up to a toy store. She sees the sign and even though she cant yet read it, because she has been there before she knows it is a toy store. Immediately, she begins anticipating what is going to happen in the store. She is going to see and touch her favorite toys. She might even get to take one home. Based on her previous knowledge and clues (the sign on the front of the store) she has made predictions about what will happen next. Students with dyslexia may be able to make predictions based on real-life situations but may have problems doing so when reading a story. Because they often struggle with sounding out each word, it is hard to follow the story and therefore cant guess what is going to happen next. They may also have a hard time with sequencing. Predictions are based on what happens next which requires a student to follow a logical sequence of events. If a student with dyslexia has problems sequencing, guessing the next action will be difficult. The Importance of Making Predictions Making predictions is more than just guessing what is going to happen next. Predicting helps students become actively involved in reading and helps to keep their interest level high. Some of the other benefits of teaching students to make predictions are: Helps students to ask questions while they are readingEncourages students to skim or re-read portions of the story to better understand it or to recall facts about the characters or eventsProvides a way for students to monitor their understanding of the material As students learn predictions skills, they will more fully comprehend what they have read and will retain the information for longer periods of time. Strategies for Teaching Making Predictions For younger children, look at the pictures before reading the book, including the front and back covers of the book. Have students make predictions on what they think the book is about. For older students, have them read the chapter titles or the first paragraph of a chapter and then guess what will happen in the chapter. Once students have made predictions, read the story or the chapter and after finishing, review the predictions to see if they were correct. Create a prediction diagram. A prediction diagram has blank spaces to write down the clues or evidence used to make a prediction and a space to write their prediction. Clues can be found in pictures, chapter titles or in the text itself. A prediction diagram helps students organize the information they read in order to make a prediction. Prediction diagrams can be creative, such as a diagram of a rocky path leading to a castle (each rock has a place for a clue) and the prediction is written in the castle or they can be simple, with clues written on one side of a paper and the prediction written on the other. Use magazine ads or pictures in a book and make predictions about people. Students write down what they think the person is going to do, what the person is feeling or what the person is like. They can use clues such as facial expression, clothes, body language, and surroundings. This exercise helps students understand how much information you can obtain from being observant and looking at everything in the picture. Watch a film and stop it part way through. Ask students to make predictions on what will happen next. Students should be able to explain why they made the prediction. For example, I think John is going to fall off his bike because he is carrying a box while he is riding and his bike is wobbling. This exercise helps students to follow the logic of the story to make their predictions rather than just make guesses. Use What would I do? techniques. After reading a portion of a story, stop and ask the students to make predictions not about the character but about themselves. What would they do in this situation? How would they react? This exercise helps students to use previous knowledge to make predictions. References Robb, Laura, Reading Clinic: Use Predictions to Help Kids Think Deeply About Books, Scholastic.com, Date UnknownShaywitz, Sally. Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Overcoming Reading Problems at Any Level. 1st. Vintage, 2005. 246. Print.

Increase of fruit and vegetable consumption by promoting them as an Essay

Increase of fruit and vegetable consumption by promoting them as an alternative to less healthy snacks - Essay Example They calculated factor scores for each participant and examined prospectively the associations between their dietary patterns and colon and rectal cancer risks. Quite astonishingly, the results were quite alarming. The prudent pattern was characterized by higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains, while the Western pattern, was characterized by higher intakes of red and processed meats, sweets and desserts, French fries, and refined grains. During 12 years of follow-up, they identified 445 cases of colon cancer and 101 cases of rectal cancer. After adjusting for potential confounders, they observed a relative risk for colon cancer of 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.97-2.19) when comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles of the Western pattern (P value for trend across quintiles, .02). The prudent pattern had a non-significant inverse association with colon cancer (relative risk for fifth quintile compared with the first, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-1.00; P for trend across quintiles, .31). ... and the risk of colon cancer."( Fung, Hu, Fuchs, Gioannucci, Hunter, Stampfer, Colditz, and Willet, Programs in Nutrition, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA. fung@simmons.edu).1 This paper is targeted at the time-starved office-goers and health conscious people. African Americans have a higher risk for almost all heart-related diseases compared to the native whites for the simple reason that they consume less to moderate amount of fruits and vegetables. Heart disease, obesity, blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes are common forms of disease that can affect them more. Fruits and vegetables provide abundant vitamins and minerals to maintain a healthy body. There are distinct advantages in consuming fruits and vegetables compared to the less healthy snacks. Phy-to-chemicals Despite the fact that we come across food that fills our palate and is easy on the pocket at every street corner, it must be said that most of these food supplements may not be as healthy as one would expect it to be. Fast foods are a mixture of fatty and less healthy substances. This does not in any way take away the gullible replenishment of the youth and office goers. Life on the fast track can be unforgiving. Where does one have the time and inclination to spend time looking for a health specific menu when time is their biggest enemy Walking up to a restaurant to grab a quick bite may sound a tempting proposition, but the fact remains that not all these food are as healthy and nourishing as we think. The gradual side effects could be more harmful and painful than a more planned intake of fresh fruits and vegetables. A growing body of research proved that fruits and vegetables are critical to promoting good health. In fact, fruits and vegetables should be the foundation of a

Sweetener Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sweetener - Assignment Example In China people derived it from a grassy plant called â€Å"Saccharum†, in Hindustan Peninsula (India) from palm juice, in Canada from maple, in Poland from birch juice. The sugar that we know today came from India. It is believed that Indians some 3000 years ago invented sugar from cane. The Indians collected juice of cane, boiled it until the formation of brown crystalline grains. These grains in Sanskrit were called â€Å"sarkara†. The name sugar in different languages came from the original Sanskrit name. Thus, in Arabic – Sukkar, in Turkish – Seker, in Latin – saccharum, in Italian – zucchero, in German – Zucker, in Russian – Skhar, and in English – Sugar. In 327 B.C. the warriors of Alexander the great entered the Indian land. Their attention was attracted to the strange white colored solid material with a sweet taste. Onisikrit, the Greek historian of that time, who accompanied Alexander the great, wrote about the fact that in India; a cane produces honey without bees. Seventh century Arab expansion revealed Indian recipe of sugar production. Arabs brought the sugar cane from India and began to cultivate in Middle East. Arab established sugar production in North America and Spain as their expansion spread. West Europeans came to know about sugar during 11th century Crusade. Later West European trade with the East introduced sugar to the Europeans. Sugar was an extraordinarily expensive product at that time. For example, in 1319 in London, in today’s currency it cost $ 100 for one kilogram. In the 15th century sugarcane made its voyage to the New world, thus becoming one of few plants that came from Europe to America. It is recorded that in 1493, Columbus took sugar cane plants to grow in the Caribbean, and thus established a whole period of sugarcane plantation network. Caribbean islands became a real paradise for Indian sugarcane. Plantation supporting required a lot of workers. This also established export of 900,000 slaves from Africa during 1701 to 1810 just to support plantations in Jamaican and Barbados. Massive sugarcane plantation resulted power struggle among leading world powers of that time to take control of West Indies. In 1674, the Netherlands surrendered New York (at that time was called New Amsterdam) to England in exchange of sugar plant ownership in Suriname. In a 1673, France was ready to leave Canada to the UK in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe. Necessity is the mother of invention, and it dictated to find an alternative of expensive sugarcane â€Å"sugar† in Western Europe. Way back in 1575, French botanist Oliver de Serres tried to draw attention to the high sugar content in sugar beet, however, only in 1747, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf managed to extract sugar from sugar beets. He presented a report about this discovery to the Berlin Academy of Science. During the life of Marggraf, his discovery did not get the ne cessary attention. In 1786, Charl Achard, French by birth, one of Marggraf’ student initiated agricultural experimental work of cultivation near Berlin. His goal was to learn how to grow the most sugary beet that could be used for sugar production. In January 1799, Charl Achard presented the first significant sample of sugar beet that weighed about 4 kg to the Prussian king Frederick William III. In his explanatory note to the King, he mentioned that by replacing sugarcane â€Å"sugar† by sugar beet â€Å"sugar† the country would save a considerable amount of foreign currency and create jobs for the locals. In 1802, with help from the government, Charl Achard, built the first plant in the estate of Kunren of Prussia for the production of sugar from sugar

Rite Aide pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Rite Aide pharmacy Essay My 3 day site visit was in the Rite Aide pharmacy. I was so excited because it was my first retail pharmacy visit. I really like the idea to experiment on visiting different types of pharmacy practices. One of my dream career is to be in a retail pharmacy and from my visit to this pharmacy I was able to get myself little more encouragement than the other pharmacy practice that I have visited.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My first day to visit Rite Aide is on March 20 2008 which is Wednesday. It was a down town pharmacy and unfortunately the receptor pharmacist was absents because of flu. I was introduced then to another pharmacist in replace of my expected pharmacist. He   was very friendly and even introduced me to the other personnels of the pharmacy. I find it easy to get along with him because he was a charming man and can start lightly conversations. We had a wonderful day working together. I can see based on my observation that he was very comfortable with the system and flexible enough to make him self available for every patient  Ã‚  Ã‚   consultation. I admire his dedication to his job as a pharmacist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pharmacy is totally innovated in terms of facilities. The pharmacist in-charge of my visit taught me how to operate the automatic answering machine that receives voice mails from   the physicians office. I am also fascinated by their computer system where they get prescriptions via email. It is easier for them to process orders by using this technologies. The supplies of the pharmacy is ensured from weekly distribution all the way from the Central Ride Aide branch. On instances that faster medication and orders are needed, they will just contact the local supplier for faster delivery. Customer Satisfaction is guaranteed in this company which for them is their best asset in giving best service to people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In times that stocks are not available for customers they will ask for a couple of days to   extend your request and they will immediately find ways to get the necessary product you wanted. Customer will be given two ways to claim their order by picking it up or shipping it directly at their doorsteps. My first day of visit is a very busy day for the pharmacy. Customers are lined up by my guide still managed to teach me things that I barely dont know about retail pharmacy. He even showed me the automatic computer system of insurance and how to fill up a new insurance claim. since there were many customers I was able to helped them filling up insurance claims and assist customers needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My second day of visit is the time that I was bale to meet my receptor pharmacist. She was a middle age happy lady who is also friendly like the first one who was introduced to me. She required me to look into the shelf and find the drug with the variety of dosage form. Upon looking inside the shelf, I come up with a big list of medication. As I recall in our pharmaceutics course, there are a lot of drug with a variety of dosage from . The task assigned to me that day gave me an opportunity to see the different dosage forms right my very eye. After doing that task, she explained to me the process on how to fill out each order. I even help them to fill up some of their order. I also learned from her that the shelf is arranged alphabetically according to their brand name and their generic name. It also gave me an opportunity to see for myself the top 200 drug that I have learned in class before .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the third day, since I have been well trained about their, It was time for me to   helped them on taking orders. I applied every knowledge I gained beginning my first day of visit. My 3 day experience at Rite Aide is really enjoyable. It was so interesting for me to try different types of pharmacy experience. Before, I used to think that life of a pharmacist is nice and easy. All they do is sit on their chair and read newspaper or surf the web, but after my visit all my misconceptions about that job changed. Being a pharmacist is never easy. They have full responsibility of everything which includes order processing and prescribing the right drugs and dosage. Every order that they handle should be handled carefully since every mistake will impact on the patients health condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being at Rite Aide for three days allows me to take a glimpse on how my future will be in the pharmaceutics industry. I was bale to experience the type of job that I will be facing few years from now. I understand that in order for me to be a successful pharmacist I need to have focus on my career and persevere to be the best in this field. My experience of three days gave me lessons that cannot only be gathered through classes but real life interaction with the kind of job that I will be handling in the future.

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

Pros on Affirmative Action Affirmative action refers to a variety of programs and policies that are race, gender, national origin, and ethnicity conscious. Such programs are targeting women and minorities that had suffered discrimination in the past. History tells us that women and minorities suffered severe discriminations until the middle of 20th century. Women and minorities were treated as inferiors and subordinate status. According to Gilroy, "women were not allowed to enter entire areas of employment such as mining, fire fighting, law, and medicine." They were not even allowed to vote until the early 1920s. The racial segregation in one form or another forced American Indians, African Americans and Latinos into low-wage, dead-end jobs. No one can deny this historical truth, not even opponents of affirmative action reluctantly admit this (Gilroy 79). Critics of affirmative action have argued that because of affirmative action, white males are discriminated against as a group. They call this a "reverse discrimination." This argument sounds somewhat believable but it is simply wrong if we look at the facts. Women and minorities today are still significantly underrated in spite of the enforcement of affirmative action programs. 'According to a 1995 government report, white males hold 95 percent of senior management positions although they make up only 29 percent of the workforce. White males are still, by a great margin, over represented in most high st...

The replacement is stored

In compression, the algorithm looks for repeating patterns in the source alphabet and encodes these patters as new symbols in a translated alphabet.The new alphabet is composed of symbols that are longer (composed of more bits) than the symbols in the source alphabet. The compression arises when repeating patterns in the old alphabet are replaced by a single symbol in the new alphabet. The replacement is stored in a dictionary that contains all mappings of the old alphabet patterns into the new alphabet symbols.The decompression algorithm simply does the reverse process of the compression algorithm. The algorithm takes a look at the input stream in the new alphabet and looks up the dictionary for its corresponding pattern in the old alphabet.Unlike Huffman coding, LZW compression does not use probability analysis and computation on the source data, needing only to look at repeating patterns in the source alphabet. LZW works best on streams that contain multiple repeating patterns suc h as text files.Huffman coding on the other hand works best on streams where there is a disparity in relative frequencies between symbols. In LZW, a dictionary is used to map patterns in the old alphabet to symbols in the new alphabet, the dictionary being constructed from repeating patterns.In Huffman, symbol mappings are based on the frequencies of the symbols in the source alphabet. Additionally, the bit length of the new symbols in LZW is constant while the bit length for the new symbols in Huffman is variable, depending on the frequency of the source symbols.Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks are two similar kinds of wireless technology. A MANET is a self-configuring network the result being an arbitrary topology. There is no fixed infrastructure between the nodes and their only relationship to each other is their proximity to one another.However, that may not be true for sensor networks. Some sensor network protocols specify a specific topolog y. In the case of IEEE 802.15.4, it allows for two kinds of topologies, a ring topology and a peer to peer topology.Another difference is complexity. The nodes of sensor networks are generally much simpler than in MANETs. Sensor nodes typically include only a transceiver module for communication, a sensor and a microcontroller.This is because of the relatively simpler uses for the sensor such as data collection and gathering. In contrast, nodes of a MANET will generally be more complex, being made up of complete laptops, PDAs or other high level communication devices.A third difference is in the data rates. Sensor networks are generally low data rate systems while MANETs have higher data rates. Bit rates in MANETs like 802.11 are measured in Mbps while those in 802.15.4 and Zigbee are in kbps only. Fourth is power consumption, MANET nodes are designed to be mains powered or only to be reliant on batteries for a short amount of time (generally a few hours).On the other hand, sensor n etworks will generally use low power components to stretch the power of the battery for weeks or months on end. Lastly, in MANETs, nodes are envisioned to be constantly sending data to one another while in sensor networks, nodes are expected to be in a sleep or quiet mode for most of the time.This is due to the amount of data exchanged in MANETs compared to sensor networks which may only need to throw data to the server on specified times.If we take the example of the ZigBee sensor network protocol, we can see three layers from the OSI model at work in the ZigBee protocol. In the ZigBee protocol, its uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the PHY and MAC portion of the DLL layer. The ZigBee specification on the other hand serves as the upper layers for the wireless sensor network.

Past and Future Life

Here I am 36 years old and writing a paper on my past, present and future life. In this paper I will present a brief description of a few of my life experiences that I faced growing up. I will also look ahead to the goal I want to accomplish in the future. I grew up in a military family, My father was in the U. S. Army at the Air Force Base in Fayetteville, NC about 2 hours from Jacksonville where he and his family was living. My father and mother met in Jacksonville and from there the rest is history. My earliest childhood memories were growing up between Jacksonville and Georgia. I was the youngest of 2. My dad continued to serve in the Army but for whatever reasons he and my mother decided to divorce. At that point my mother packed me and my sister up and moved back to Georgia to live with her parents for a while. While living there with my grandparents my sister and I never got along she would always do things and blame me for it. I remember one night after eating dinner my sister got up to put her dishes in the sink in the kitchen, so I came in behind her but as I walked up into the kitchen I saw her turning the gas stove on (and you know to use a gas stove you have to light it) she then walked out of the kitchen, so I stayed in there nd washed my dishes up but, before I could finish my mother came in and said that she smelled gas, so I told her that my sister was in here messing with the stove, my mother called my sister in the kitchen to find out what happened and of course my sister sat there and lied and said that I turned the stove on. I then tried to tell my mother that my sister was lying on me but she didn't want to believe anything that I was saying so I got into trouble for something I didn't do. I was never able to tell my side of a story because the first thing my mother would say was shut up because I don't believe a word you are saying. As I got older and into my teenage years I started experiencing things and seeing a lot of things for myself. I started sneaking out to hang out with my friends, I went to parties, sleep overs just so I could get out the house. I wanted to have a boyfriend but my mother told me that I was to young to date. At the age of 16 , I had gotten pregnant I kept it a secret for a very long time, I continued to go to school and work. One day someone called my mother and told her that she may want to take me to the doctor and check to see if I'm pregnant. Well a few days later My stepfather and I was in a car accident and I had to go to the Hospital and et x-rays on my knee because it had gotten busted up in the accident. So when the nurse came in my mother was asked to step out the room and the nurse started giving me a physical and I told her that I believed that I was pregnant and she said well that's funny you say that because your mother wanted me to do a pregnancy test on you. I asked the nurse not to say anything to my mother at that point and the nurse told me that she couldn't do that so I immediately got scared of what was going to happen next. My mother was told the news about me being pregnant and she was not happy at all. I couldn't go back to school because I was unable to walk on my leg from the accident but that really wasn't the real reason it was because my mother didn't want to many other people knowing but they already knew what was going on. Well a few weeks went by and one morning my mother came and woke up it had to be around 3:00am so I got up without any questions my mother , stepfather and I all got into he car and left, I had no idea where we were going so I ended up falling back to sleep until we reached our destination and when we got there my mom asked me â€Å"Do you know where we are? † I aid no so we proceeded to go into the this huge place but once we got in I new what it was from there. It was the abortion clinic in another part of Georgia my mother was getting ready to make me have an abortion and I didn't wan to. Well we went to the back I spoke with the doctor and they had to see how far along I was first before they proceed with the procedure lucky they couldn't perform the procedure because I was to far along in my pregnancy,so then my mother wanted me to have the child and put it up for adoption, she wanted me to give it to one of my step father's brother and his wife but hat fell thru, then she wanted me to have the baby and put his last name the same as hers for insurance purposes at least that's what she told me. I really didn't have a say so when it came to my child, and I had a big problem with that so I went back to work so I can take care of my child. One night I came home from work and before I could get to the steps I could here my baby crying and crying, I walked into the house to see that no one was there to comfort him. I walked through the house to find that my mother was in the bed sound asleep. I was very angry with her at this point so I had to figure a way to et out of that house, so I called and spoke with my oldest sister and we both got in contact with our father and we made plans for him and my uncle to come and rescue us from this mess. I finally turned 18 and my father and uncle came to pick us up from Georgia and brought us to NC I was very glad to be away from that house with my mother. When I got settled in I went back to school and got my high school diploma I was very excited then because I completed the high school and it was time that I find a job so I can continue to take care of my child. I attended the local community college here and eceived my certification as a nursing assistant and from there I went to work for a few nursing homes but then, I got tired of all that hard work for a little bit of pay so I quit working in that field for a while and started doing retail , I enjoyed working in the retail field it was a real learning experience but my passion was still in the health field so I went back to college. In our studies of adult development theory, I was interested to learn about Erikson's theories of psychosocial stages. Erikson believed adolescents †anguish over who they are and how they fit into their social world. (Witt& Mossler 2010, pg. 53). Here I am now with 2 children and working towards my Business degree. It has taken me a really long time to figure out what it was that I really wanted to be doing and where I wanted to be in my life and I have figured it out now. My goal is to finish my business degree and open up my business and then go back to school to obtain my bachelors in healthcare management. I have learned so many things from my childhood growing up, but I can't dwell on the past although sometimes I have to go back in time to relate to the present. Now I have to build a future for me and my hildren so they can see how hard there mother worked and how far I have gotten in life. As our text explains, modeling is an important source of learning (Witt& Mossler,2010) and I also want to set a good examples for my children. My family and friends are very supportive and happy that I have chosen to go back to college and get my degree. With all this support it has helped me to succeed in my courses (chu2010). I believe that you are never to old to go back to school and reach the goals that you have been trying to reach. I think you have to have faith and believe that things will work out.

The breakdown of charactors and main themes of the book Lord of the Flies and how they symbolize society.

The breakdown of charactors and main themes of the book Lord of the Flies and how they symbolize society. The island:I got the impression that the island was comparable to one's most delightful dream. It's a beautiful and peaceful haven, full of serenity and life, which is coincidentally also uninhabited by humans. As soon as the airplane full of children crashes, the island is mentioned as having a scar. Since this book made referrals to the second World War, I believe that Golding was making an allusion to the atomic bombs and the scar that it had made to the islands of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The people of Japan eventually live on with their lives and recover from the tragedy, however the bombings were so destructive that it will always be remembered as a sort of distinguishing mark. This scar might symbolize the nature of humans and our tendency to destroy ourselves but eventually recover.Golding uses the island to represent the world and the children as society.This image was selected as a picture of the week o...He uses this technique to set up his own miniature world where every c haracter represents an important figure in society, for example Piggy the outcast and Ralph the political leader.Children:I believe that Golding uses children because they are thought of as innocent and pure. He uses these children, that are no older then the age of twelve, to show that it is our human nature to harm others and ourselves.Jack:He is first introduced as the leader of the choir. He has leadership qualities that appear right from the beginning of the book, and because he didn't get to become the leader of children, there is a competitive attitude between him and Ralph. When Ralph is elected leader, he first suggests assigning jobs. Jack quickly volunteers himself and his choir as hunters. As the novel progresses, we watch Jack's obsession with killing grow. In the first...

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German Prepositions (Prpositionen) are a hazardous area in the learning of any second language, and German is no exception. These short, seemingly innocent words - an, auf, bei, bis, in, mit, à ¼ber, um, zu, and others - can often be gefhrlich (dangerous). One of the most common mistakes made by the foreign speaker of a language is the incorrect use of prepositions. Prepositional Pitfalls Fall Into Three Main Categories Grammatical: Is the preposition one governed by the accusative, dative, or genitive case? Or is it a so-called doubtful or two-way preposition? The German noun cases play an important role.Idiomatic: How does a native-speaker say it? To illustrate this, I often use the English example of stand IN line or stand ON line- which do you say? (Both are correct, but your answer may reveal which part of the English-speaking world youre from. If youre British, youd simply queue.) And the way a German might say in or on depends on a number of factors, even including whether a surface is vertical (on the wall) or horizontal (on the table)! Using the wrong preposition can also lead to an unintentional change in meaning... and sometimes to embarrassment.English Interference: Because some German prepositions are similar or identical to English, or sound like an English preposition (bei, in, an, zu), you may choose the wrong one. And several German prepositions can equal more than one English prepo sition: an can mean at, in, on, or to- depending on how its used in a German sentence. So you cant just assume that an will always mean on. The word since can be translated into German with either the preposition seit (for time) or the conjunction da (for cause). Below are brief discussions  of each category. Grammar Sorry, but theres really only one way to solve this problem: memorize the prepositions! But do it right! The traditional way, learning to rattle off the case groups (e.g., bis, durch, fà ¼r, gegen, ohne, um, wider take the accusative), works for some people, but I prefer the phrase approach- learning prepositions as part of a prepositional phrase. (This is similar to learning nouns with their genders, as I  also recommend.) For example, memorizing the phrases mit mir and ohne mich sets the combination in your mind AND reminds  you that mit takes a dative object (mir), while ohne takes the accusative (mich). Learning the difference between the phrases am See (at the lake) and an den See (to the lake) will tell you that an with the dative is about location (stationary), whereas an with the accusative is about direction (movement). This method is also closer to what a native-speaker does naturally, and it can help move the learner towards an increased level of Sprachgefà ¼hl or a feeling for the language. Idioms Speaking of Sprachgefà ¼hl, here is where you really need it! In most cases, youll just have to learn the right way to say it. For example, where English uses the preposition to, German has at least six possibilities: an, auf, bis, in, nach, or zu! But there are some helpful categorical guidelines. For example, if youre going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach- as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach. But there are many cases where rules arent much help. Then you simply have to learn the phrase as a vocabulary item. A good example is a phrase such as to wait for. An English-speaker has a tendency to say warten fà ¼r when the correct German is warten auf- as in Ich warte auf ihn  (Im waiting for him) or Er wartet auf den Bus. (Hes waiting for the bus). Also, see Interference below. Here are a few standard prepositional idiomatic expressions: to die of/sterben an (dat.)to believe in/glauben an (dat.)to depend on/ankommen auf (acc.)to fight for/kmpfen umto smell of/riechen nach Sometimes German uses a preposition where English doesnt: He was elected mayor. Er wurde zum Bà ¼rgermeister gewhlt. German often makes distinctions that English does not. We go to the movies or to the cinema in English. But zum Kino means to the movie theater (but not necessarily inside) and ins Kino means to the movies (to see a show). Interference First-language interference is always a problem in learning a second language, but nowhere is this more critical than with prepositions. As we have already seen above, just because English uses a given preposition doesnt mean German will use the equivalent in the same situation. In English we are afraid OF something; a German has fear BEFORE (vor) something. In English we take something FOR a cold; in German, you take something AGAINST (gegen) a cold.   Another example of interference can be seen in the preposition by. Though German bei sounds almost identical to English by, it is rarely used in that meaning. By car or by train is mit dem Auto or mit der Bahn (beim Auto means next to or at the car). The author of a literary work is designated in a von-phrase: von Schiller (by Schiller). The closest bei usually comes to by is in an expression such as bei Mà ¼nchen (near/by Munich) or bei Nacht (at/by night), but bei mir means at my house or at my place. (For more about by in German, see By-Expressions in German.) Obviously, there are many more prepositional pitfalls than we have space for here. See our German Grammar page and The Four German Cases for more information in several categories. If you feel youre ready, you can test yourself on this Preposition Quiz.

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example The goal of this paper is to provide a general historical and scientific background of the research. First, the scientific background of stem cell research will be discussed. This would entail the exposition of stem cell technology, including the functions and the potential uses of stem cells. It would also entail a description of the various sources of stem cells, that is, adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The advantages and disadvantages of these stem cells as a source of stem cell research and therapies will be noted. Stem cell technology An adult vertebrate is estimated to compose of more than two hundred different types of cells (Marshak et al. 4). These cells are the fundamental units of life, the building blocks of all tissue, and the source of all extracellular matrix and interstitial fluids. The cells undergo changes throughout their existence. Sometimes, these changes through extrinsic or intrinsic causes may result in damage or loss of the cells. If the damage or loss of the cells is irreversible, it can be permanently debilitating or lethal, causing degenerative diseases. For instance, the loss of cardiomyocytes may lead to heart failure, the loss of neurons may lead to Parkinson's, dementias, ataxia, stroke, or paralysis, the loss of renal cells may lead to kidney failure, and the loss of hematopoietic cells may lead to bone marrow failures or anemias. Unfortunately, conventional drug therapies (small-molecule chemicals) are unable currently to stimulate fully functional cell or tissue replacement for these diseases (Harley and Rao in Arlene and Mahendra 239). However, research on human stem cells promises the development of alternative therapies for the treatment of these diseases. Stem cell research continues to fuel the expectation that an array of promising novel cellular therapeutics will be developed. It is anticipated that the therapies either comprised of or derived from human stem cells will be effective in treating a broad spectr um of medical conditions that necessitate replacement, restoration, repair, or regeneration of damaged or diseased cells, tissues and organ systems (Fink et al. in Arlene and Mahendra 323). Stem cell technology aims at channeling these special cells with high proliferative capacity into specified differentiation programs within the body for therapeutic uses. Nevertheless, the development of the stem cell therapies will not be an easy task. The successful development of the therapies will depend on the scientists’ ability to direct the cells into specific pathways and then support the survival and differentiation of individual somatic stem/progenitor cells (Zhang in Arlene and Mahendra 145). Stem cell and its functions Stem cells are defined as a cell population that has the capacity both to self-renew and to give rise to at least one kind of non-dividing, fully differentiated descendant (Hogan 189). It is noteworthy that most of the definitions of stem cells include a notion of self-renewal, coupled with a potential to generate one or more differentiated descendant cell types (Lumelsky in Arlene and Mahendra 162). There are three essential properties of stem cells: unspecialized, self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells are unspecialized cells, that is, they do not posses

Macro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Macro - Essay Example Observe that the equilibrium output has fallen to Y2 implying recession and the price level has increased to P2 implying inflation. 2. The immediate impact of a reduction in taxes is an increase in aggregate planned consumption expenditure, a component of aggregate demand. Thus, aggregate demand increases implying a rightward shift in the AD curve. However, whether this would lead to a substantial economic expansion (growth) or inflation with some minor growth depends upon where the economy is located on the business cycle when the policy is undertaken. We shall consider two cases: (a) when the economy is in recession and (b) during a boom. As is evident from the diagram above, the tax cuts led to the AD curve moving from AD1 to AD2 which in turn leads to an expansion of Y from Y1 to Y2. There is a negligibly small increase in the prices from P1 to P2. Thus, during recession or during the phase of recovery, tax cuts can yield substantial growth. During a period of economic expansion or the â€Å"boom† phase of the business cycle, the tax cut on the other hand can have a harmful impact on the economy. This is shown in the diagram above. Observe that now the outward shift in AD has led to a substantial rise in the price level while the increase in real output has been small. The closer the economy gets to the full employment equilibrium, the less effective does the tax cut become in stimulating growth and most of the impact of the resulting rising demand is reflected instead in rising prices. Essentially, during recession the economy is located far out from its full employment equilibrium and thus has surplus unused capacities. So, when the aggregate demand rises, the capacity utilization rises and so employment and output rise while prices stay more or less the same. However when the economy is in a boom and is located close to its full employment equilibrium, there are no unused capacities. As a result